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Main sights
[edit] Architecture
[edit] Ancient Rome
One of the symbols of Rome is the
Colosseum (70–80 AD), the largest
amphitheatre ever built in the
Roman Empire. Originally capable of seating 60,000 spectators, it was used for
gladiatorial combat. A list of important monuments and sites of ancient Rome includes the
Roman Forum, the
Domus Aurea, the
Pantheon,
Trajan's Column,
Trajan's Market, the
Catacombs, the
Circus Maximus, the
Baths of Caracalla,
Castel Sant'Angelo, the
Mausoleum of Augustus, the
Ara Pacis, the
Arch of Constantine, the
Pyramid of Cestius, and the
Bocca della Verità.
[edit] Medieval
Often overlooked, Rome's medieval heritage is one of the largest in Italian cities. Basilicas dating from the
Paleochristian age include
Santa Maria Maggiore and
San Paolo Fuori le Mura (the latter largely rebuilt in the 19th century), both housing precious 4th century AD mosaics. Later notable medieval mosaic and fresco art can be also found in the churches of
Santa Maria in Trastevere,
Santi Quattro Coronati, and
Santa Prassede. Lay buildings include a number of towers, the largest being the
Torre delle Milizie and the
Torre dei Conti, both next the Roman Forum, and the huge staircase leading to the basilica of
Santa Maria in Ara Coeli.
[edit] Renaissance and Baroque
Rome was a major world centre of the
Renaissance, second only to
Florence, and was profoundly affected by the movement. Among others, a masterpiece of
Renaissance architecture in Rome is the
Piazza del Campidoglio by
Michelangelo. During this period, the great aristocratic families of Rome used to build opulent dwellings as the
Palazzo del Quirinale (now seat of the
President of the Italian Republic), the
Palazzo Venezia, the
Palazzo Farnese, the
Palazzo Barberini, the
Palazzo Chigi (now seat of the
Italian Prime Minister), the
Palazzo Spada, the
Palazzo della Cancelleria, and the
Villa Farnesina.
Many of the famous city's squares - some huge, majestic and often adorned with
obelisks, some small and pictoresque - got their present shape during the Renaissance and Baroque. The principal ones are
Piazza Navona,
Piazza di Spagna,
Campo de' Fiori,
Piazza Venezia,
Piazza Farnese,
Piazza della Rotonda and
Piazza della Minerva. One of the most emblematic examples of
Baroque art is the
Fontana di Trevi by
Nicola Salvi. Other notable 17th-century
baroque palaces are the
Palazzo Madama, now the seat of the
Italian Senate and the
Palazzo Montecitorio, now the seat of the
Chamber of Deputies of Italy.
[edit] Neoclassicism
In 1870, Rome became the capital city of the new
Kingdom of Italy. During this time,
neoclassicism, a building style influenced by the architecture of
antiquity, became a predominant influence in
Roman architecture. During this period, many great palaces in neoclassical styles were built to host ministries, embassies, and other governing agencies. One of the best-known symbols of Roman neoclassicism is the
Monument of Vittorio Emanuele II or "Altar of the Fatherland", where the
Grave of the Unknown Soldier, that represents the 650,000 Italians that fell in
World War I, is located.
[edit] Fascist architecture
The Fascist regime that ruled in Italy between 1922 and 1943 developed an architectural style that was characterised by its links with ancient Roman architecture. The most important Fascist site in Rome is the
E.U.R district, designed in 1938 by
Marcello Piacentini. It was originally conceived for the
1942 world exhibition, and was called "E.42" (
"Esposizione 42"). The world exhibition, however, never took place because Italy entered the
Second World War in 1940. The most representative building of the Fascist style at E.U.R. is the
Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana (1938–1943), the iconic design of which has been labelled the cubic or Square Colosseum. After World War II, the Roman authorities found that they already had the seed of an off-centre business district of the type that other capitals were still planning (
London Docklands and
La Défense in Paris). Also the
Palazzo della Farnesina, the current seat of Italian Foreign Ministry, was designed in 1935 in Fascist style.
[edit] Parks and gardens
Public parks and nature reserves cover a large area in Rome, and the city has one of the largest areas of green space amongst European capitals.
[47] The most notable part of this green space is represented by the large number of villas and landscaped gardens created by the Italian aristocracy. While many villas were destroyed during the building boom of the late 19th century, a great many remain. The most notable of these are
Villa Borghese,
Villa Ada, and
Villa Doria Pamphili. Villa Doria Pamphili is west of the Gianicolo hill comprising some 1.8 km2. Also on the Gianicolo hill there is Villa Sciarra, with playgrounds for children and shaded walking areas. In the nearby area of Trastevere the Orto Botanico (Botanical Garden) is a cool and shady green space. The old Roman hippodrome (Circus Maximus) is another large green space but the main attraction is the ancient site of the chariot racing and it has few trees. Nearby is the lush Villa Celimontana, close to the gardens surrounding the Baths of Caracalla and Rose Garden (‘roseto comunale’). The Villa Borghese garden is the best known large green space in Rome, with famous art galleries among its shaded walks. It is close to the Spanish Steps and Piazza del Popolo. Rome also has a number of regional parks of much more recent origin including the
Pineto Regional Park and the Appian Way Regional Park. There are also nature reserves at Marcigliana and at Tenuta di Castelporziano.
[edit] Fountains and aqueducts
Rome is a city famous for its numerous fountains, built in all different styles, from Classical and Medieval, to Baroque and Neoclassical. The city has had
fountains for more than two thousand years, and they have provided drinking water and decorated the
piazzas of Rome. During the
Roman Empire, in 98 A.D., according to
Sextus Julius Frontinus, the Roman consul who was named
curator aquarum or guardian of the water of the city, Rome had nine
aqueducts which fed 39 monumental fountains and 591 public basins, not counting the water supplied to the Imperial household, baths and owners of private villas. Each of the major fountains was connected to two different aqueducts, in case one was shut down for service.
[48] During the 17th and 18th century the Roman popes reconstructed other ruined Roman acqueducts and built new display fountains to mark their termini, launching the golden age of the Roman fountain. The fountains of Rome, like the paintings of
Rubens, were expressions of the new style of
Baroque art. They were crowded with allegorical figures, and filled with emotion and movement. In these fountains, sculpture became the principal element, and the water was used simply to animate and decorate the sculptures. They, like baroque gardens, were "a visual representation of confidence and power."
[49]
[edit] Statues
Bronze statue of the Winged Victory on chariot located the top of Vittorio Emanuele monument in Rome
The
Marforio, or Marphurius, one of the talking statues of the city, meant to represent the god
Oceanus.
One of the statues representing angels in the Ponte Sant'Angelo.
Rome is well known for its statues but, in particular, the
talking statues of Rome. These are usually ancient statues which have become popular soapboxes for political and social discussion, and places for people to (often satirically) voice their opinions. There are two main talking statues: the
Pasquino and the
Marforio, yet there are four other noted ones:
il Babuino,
Madame Lucrezia,
il Facchino and
Abbot Luigi. Most of these statues are ancient Roman or classical, and most of them also depict mythical gods, ancient people or legendary figures; il Pasquino represents
Menelaus, Abbot Luigi is an unknown Roman magistrate, il Babuino is supposed to be
Silenus,
Marforio represents
Oceanus,
Madame Lucrezia is a bust of
Isis, and
il Facchino is the only non-Roman statue, created in 1580, and not representing anyone in particular. They are often, due to their status, covered with placards or
graffiti expressing political ideas and points of view. Other statues in the city, which are not related to the talking statues, include those of the Ponte Sant'Angelo, or several monuments scattered across the city, such as that to
Giordano Bruno in the Campo de'Fiori.
[edit] Obelisks and columns
The city contains eight
ancient Egyptian and five
ancient Roman obelisks, together with a number of more modern obelisks; there was also formerly (until 2005) an
ancient Ethiopian obelisk in Rome.
[50] The city contains some of obelisks in
piazzas, such as in
Piazza Navona,
St Peter's Square,
Piazza Montecitorio, and
Piazza del Popolo, and others in
villas,
thermae parks and
gardens, such as in
Villa Celimontana, the
Baths of Diocletian, and the
Pincian Hill. Moreover, the centre of Rome hosts also
Trajan's and
Antonine Column, two ancient Roman columns with spiral relief.
[edit] Bridges
The city of Rome contains numerous famous
bridges which cross the
Tiber. Famous ones include the
Ponte Cestio, the
Ponte Milvio, the
Ponte Nomentano, the
Ponte Sant'Angelo, the
Ponte Vittorio Emanuele II, the
Ponte Sisto and the
Ponte dei Quattro Capi. Currently there are five
ancient Roman bridges still remaining in the city.
[51] Most of the city's public
bridges were built in Classical or Renaissance style, but also in Baroque, Neoclassical and Modern styles. According to the
Encyclopædia Britannica, the finest ancient bridge remaining in Rome is the
Ponte Sant'Angelo, which was completed in 135AD, and was decorated with 10 statues of the angels, designed by
Bernini in 1688.
[52]
[edit] Catacombs
Rome has extensive amount of ancient catacombs, or underground burial places under or near the city, of which there are at least forty, some discovered only in recent decades. Though most famous for
Christian burials, they include
pagan and
Jewish burials, either in separate catacombs or mixed together. The first large-scale catacombs were excavated from the 2nd century onwards. Originally they were carved through
tuff, a soft
volcanic rock, outside the boundaries of the city, because
Roman law forbade burial places within city limits. Currently maintenance of the catacombs is in the hands of the
Papacy which has invested in the
Salesians of Don Bosco the supervision of the Catacombs of St. Callixtus on the outskirts of Rome.
[edit] Economy
Eni's headquarters in
EUR, Rome's business district
With a 2005
GDP of €94.376 billion (US$121.5 billion),
[53] the city produces 6.7% of the national GDP (more than any other single city in Italy), and its unemployment rate, lowered from 11.1% to 6.5% between 2001 and 2005, is now one of the lowest rates of all the European Union capital cities.
[53] Rome grows +4.4% annually and continues to grow at a higher rate in comparison to any other city in the rest of the country.
[53] This means that were Rome a country, it would be the world's 52nd richest country by
GDP, near to the size to that of
Egypt. Rome also had a 2003
GDP per capita of €29,153 (US$ 37,412), which was second in Italy, (after
Milan), and is more than 134.1% of the
EU average
GDP per capita.
[54] Rome, on the whole, has the highest total earnings in Italy, reaching €47,076,890,463 in 2008,
[55] yet, in terms of average workers' incomes, the city places itself 9th in Italy, with €24,509, coming after
Treviso (€24,593) and
Siena (€24,549), and surpassing
Parma (€24,456) and
Varese (€24,045).
[55] On a global level, Rome's workers receive the 30th highest wages in 2009, coming three places higher than in 2008, in which the city was 33rd. This means that, whilst gross average earnings are less than
Madrid and
Barcelona, they are more than some other cities, such as
Athens,
Lisbon,
Dubai and
Hong Kong.
[56]
Although the economy of Rome is characterised by the absence of heavy industry and it is largely dominated by
services, high-technology companies (IT, aerospace, defence, telecommunications), research, construction and commercial activities (especially banking), and the huge development of tourism are very dynamic and extremely important to its economy. Rome's international airport,
Fiumicino, is the largest in Italy, and the city hosts the head offices of the vast majority of the major Italian companies, as well as the headquarters of three of the world's 100 largest companies:
Enel,
Eni, and
Telecom Italia.
[57]
Universities, national radio and television and the movie industry in Rome are also important parts of the economy: Rome is also the hub of the
Italian film industry, thanks to the
Cinecittà studios, working since the 1930s. The city is also a centre for banking and insurance as well as electronics, energy, transport, and aerospace industries. Numerous international companies and agencies headquarters, government ministries, conference centres, sports venues, and museums are located in Rome's principal business districts: the
Esposizione Universale Roma (EUR); the
Torrino (further south from the EUR); the
Magliana; the
Parco de' Medici-Laurentina and the so-called
Tiburtina-valley along the ancient
Via Tiburtina.
